ABSTRACT. – Cephalopods display a wide repertoire of complex behaviours, due to their large and complex nervous system, allowing comparative studies that are essential for an investigation of general and/or species-specific properties in neural systems. This review focuses on cellular and molecular events that underlie the plasticity of predatory behaviour in adult cuttlefish. Three main aspects are described: 1) the localisation of memory traces following learning, 2) the dependency of de novo brain protein synthesis on memory formation, 3) the involvement of neuromodulators / neurotransmitters in predatory behaviour as well as in learning and memory processes. Data presented here improve our understanding of the vertical lobe complex networks that undergo plastic changes during predatory behaviour, and establish Sepia officinalis as a valuable model for a variety of neurobiological analyses of learning and memory.